In the case of low stiffness soil, the average error of back-calculation using the LEM and VEM was 53.1% and 14.8%, respectively. The back-calculated modulus using the LEM and VEM was higher than that using the PLT. In situ test results showed that a time lag existed between the peaks of deflection and load, and load-deflection curves were nonlinear, which indicated the viscoelastic nature of the soil. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified with the in situ plate load test (PLT) conducted on a highway embankment. The back-calculation program was compiled with MATLAB. A quasi-static dynamic analysis technique of Laplace transformation and a modified Gauss–Newton optimization algorithm were adopted in the proposed method. To improve the accuracy of back-calculation of soil modulus using the portable falling weight deflectometer (PFWD), a viscoelastic method (VEM) overcoming the limitations of the conventional linear elastic method (LEM) was proposed.
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